Bey

Bey is the Turkish word for "chieftain". In historical accounts, many Turkish and Persian leaders are betitled bey, beg or beigh. They are all the same word with the simple meaning of "leader".

Note that the first three rulers of the Ottoman Empire were entiled bey and not sultan which came in use first after 1383.

This title was used also in Albania (Albanian language: bej, be, or beu) which used to be under the Ottoman Empire. Although originally it was associated only with people to whom the title was given by Turkish officials, it was later used on/by wealthy landlords even after Albania's independence in 1912. This term is not used anymore except when referring to historical figures, events or for humorous purposes.



In the News

New Satellite Observations Of Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes Reveal Sur
A particle accelerator operates in Earth's upper atmosphere above major thunderstorms at energies comparable to some of the most exotic environments in the universe, according to new satellite observations of terrestrial gamma-ray flashes.

Young Infants Should Not Be Left Unattended To Sleep In Car Safety Sea
Young infants should not be left unattended to sleep in standard car safety seats, warn researchers in this week's British Medical Journal. Infant car safety seats are vital to protect young infants from injury and death in motor vehicle accidents, write Professor Alistair Gunn and Colleagues.

Extended Release Stimulant Effective For Long-term ADHD Treatment
A new study has found that an all-day, extended-release stimulant for treating attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) remains effective for up to two years without significant side effects.

Rice Scientists Build World's First Single-molecule Car
Rice University scientists have constructed the world's smallest working car -- a single molecule "nanocar"that contains a chassis, a pivoting suspension, freely rotating axles and four buckyball wheels. The 3x4 nanometer car is described in the online edition of Nano Letters. The vehicle is a testbed for bottom-up molecular manufacturing. Rather than sliding around on a smooth gold surface, the researchers were able to show that the nanocar rolled on its wheels.

Sleep, And How Cocaine Changes The Brain To Make Treatment So Difficul
New research clarifies the role of drugs of abuse on sleep, why cocaine is so powerful, and the brain changes that occur due to abuse that make addiction so difficult to treat. Studies have found that addictive drugs such as cocaine affect many circadian, or biological clock, genes including two which have been shown to regulate dopamine, a brain chemical that underlies the rewarding effects of cocaine.

Abnormality In Filling Of Heart Is Frequent Culprit In Heart Failure
Difficulties in the heart's ability to fill with blood are common causes of heart failure -- and appear to be as significant in placing a heart patient at risk of death as are deficiencies in the heart's ability to pump blood, new research from Mayo Clinic shows.

Adventures in the Past: Discovering the Public Lands' Archaeological.
This site provides links to lesson plans and articles for teaching and learning about history, archeology, and paleontology on public land in the western U.S. Also features an interactive map with links to material about vacation opportunities at BLM-administered sites, and selected research publications on topics such as Native Americans, the Oregon Trail, and the Iditarod. From the U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM).

Arts Education Partnership (AEP)
AEP "is a national coalition of arts, education, business, philanthropic and government organizations that demonstrate and promote the essential role of the arts in the learning and development of every child."Its website features a searchable database with information on state arts education policies, publications and reports on the benefits of arts education, and links to resources for evaluation and assessment, national and state advocacy efforts, and more.

Traditional Values Coalition: Empowering People of Faith Through Knowl
This Christian lobbying organization "focuses upon issues such as education, homosexual advocacy, family tax relief, pornography, the right to life and religious freedom."The site features a definition of "traditional values"(including opposition to "all sexual behaviors outside of marriage between one man and one woman"), editorials, and reports on topics such as marriage protection amendments and abortion. Searchable.

Researchers Show How The Brain Turns On Innate Behavior
A research team led by UC Riverside's Michael Adams, professor of cell biology and neuroscience and professor of entomology, has made a major leap forward in understanding how the brain programs innate behavior. The discovery could have future applications in engineering new behaviors in animals and intelligent robots. Using the common fruit fly as a model organism, the researchers found that the innate behavior is initiated by a "command"hormone that orchestrates activities in discrete groups of peptide neurons in the brain.


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