Breast reconstruction

Breast implants have been used at least since 1865 to augment the size of women's breasts. The earliest known implant occurred in Germany in which fat from a benign tumor was removed from a woman's back and implanted in her breast. In following years the medical community experimented with implants of various materials, most commonly paraffin. The first use of silicone as breast-implant material may have been by Japanese prostitutes in the period immediately following World War II.

In the United States, implants from silicone gel were banned by the Food and Drug Administration because of growing concerns about the safety of such implants. More than one million women had availed themselves of the implants at the time of the ban, and the subsequent litigation led manufacturers to agree to a settlement of $4.25 billion. The degree of risk associated with silicone-gel breast implants is still a matter of debate within the scientific community.

See also: breast, Breast implant.


In the News

Reactor Upgrades Help Researchers Study Nuclear Fusion As Energy Sourc
For about six months of the year, bursts of a hot, electrically charged gas, or plasma, swirl around a donut-shaped tube in a special MIT reactor, helping scientists learn more about a potential future energy source: nuclear fusion. During downtimes when the reactor is offline, as it is right now, engineers make upgrades that will help them achieve their goal of making fusion a viable energy source--a long-standing mission that will likely continue for decades.

Gene Found In 90 Percent Of Breast Cancers May Be Cancer Vaccine Targe
A gene that appears to help regulate normal embryonic development is found at high levels in virtually all forms of breast cancer, according to a new study led by Laszlo Radvanyi, Ph.D., an associate professor of breast and melanoma medical oncology at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center.

[Ironic] An Italian pensioner committed suicide after his wife fell in
Recalling the end of Romeo and Juliet, the 70-year-old man, Ettore, who had sat by his wife's bedside for four months after she slipped into a coma following a heart attack, finally gave up hope and gassed himself in the garage of his family home.Less than a day later, his wife, Rossana, woke up in her hospital bed in Padua and immediately asked for him.

Vista Not Open to All
Citing security concerns, Microsoft prevents Mac users from running the OS on their machines. But is security the real reason here? By the Associated Press

Out Of Sight, Out Of Mind? Not Necessarily
Visual information can be processed unconsciously when the area of the brain that records what the eye sees is temporarily shut down, according to research at Rice University in Houston. The study suggests the brain has more than one pathway along which visual information can be sent.

Scientists Unravel 'Molecular Inch-worm' Structure Of Walking-pneumoni
Researchers at the University of Georgia, using glow-in-the-dark proteins and microcinematography, have helped unravel the development and function of a complex organelle in the bacterium that causes "walking pneumonia."The researchers have described in new, precise detail the unique cell extension that forms on one end of the bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae. This structure, called a "terminal organelle,"performs several tasks for this pervasive bacterium and even acts as a "molecular inch-worm,"helping the microorganism move.

Vietnam War Technology Could Aid Elephant Conservation
Seismic sensors developed to track enemy troop movements during the Vietnam war could help ecologists monitor and conserve elephant populations, according to new research published in the British Ecological Society's Journal of Applied Ecology. Dr Jason Wood and colleagues from Stanford University recorded vibrations caused by animal footfalls using a geophone buried near a path. Researchers were able to estimate the number of elephants passing the sensor by the size and frequency of their footfalls.

Study Of Pro Soccer Players Finds Significant Reduction In Injuries Us
Groin injury accounts for a large amount of lost playing time, especially in soccer players. A new study finds that a simple 20-minute warm-up program used during preseason averts these injuries. The researchers enrolled 315 major league soccer players in a preseason groin injury prevention program to evaluate the effectiveness of the program.

Medicalize Me: Experts Look At How Our Perceptions Of Illness Are Shap
Do prescription drug ads make people think they're sick when they're not, or create "disease"out of thin air? Does the "empowered patient"movement mean that doctors have lost some of their professional clout when it comes to making diagnoses and prescribing treatment? These questions and more are the focus of a set of probing essays in The Lancet, all addressing the topic of "medicalization"and what it means in modern society.

Lower Response Rates To Antidepressants Found With African-Americans,
Drawing from data in the nation's largest real-world study of treatment-resistant depression, scientists report that African-Americans and Latinos didn't respond as well as whites to medication for their depression.


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