Class (philosophy)

Classes vs. types

Philosophers sometimes distinguish classes from types and kinds. We can talk about the class of human beings, just as we can talk about the type (or natural kind), human being, or humanity. How, then, might classes differ from types? One might well think they are not actually different categories of being, but typically, while both are treated as abstract objects, classes are not usually treated as universals, whereas types usually are. Whether natural kinds ought to be considered universals is vexed; see natural kind.

There is, in any case, a difference in how we talk about types and kinds versus how we talk about classes. We say that Socrates is a token of a type, or an instance of the natural kind, human being. But notice that we say instead that Socrates is a member of the class of human beings. We would not say that Socrates is a "member" of the type or kind, human beings. He is a token (instance) of the type (kind). So the linguistic difference is: types (or kinds) have tokens (or instances); classes, on the other hand, have members.



In the News

Next Flu Pandemic: What To Do Until The Vaccine Arrives?
Experts believe the world is overdue for influenza pandemic. However, unless effective action against pandemic flu is taken now, we are in "dire straits,"according to a paper published in the November 10 issue of Science. The articled calls for research during the regular season flu season to better understand the effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions such as social distancing, hand washing, face masks and the like.

Asian Cockroaches Could Aid Texas Growers
Most people see cockroaches as a terrible pest--with no redeeming qualities or benefit whatsoever. But to cotton farmers in south Texas, an exotic cockroach from Asia could be a highly beneficial insect for biological control. For several years, entomologists has been studying predators that feed on the eggs of lepidopteran pests of annual crops.

Cell Mutations That Lead To Apoptosis May Contribute To Aging In Mamma
A University of Florida study has found that mutations in the mitochondria caused by obesity and lack of exercise -- not oxidative stress from free radicals -- may be a key factor in the aging process.

U.S. Census Bureau Facts for Features: Anniversary of Americans With D
"On this day in 1990, President George H.W. Bush signed into law the Americans with Disabilities Act, guaranteeing equal opportunity for people with disabilities in public accommodations, commercial facilities, employment, transportation, state and local government services and telecommunications."The site provides a selection of statistics from the U.S. Census Bureau about the population distribution of people with a disability, the employment rate for people with disabilities, and related information.

Brain Imaging Reveals New Language Circuits
The language network of the brain seemed simpler in the past. One brain area was recognized to be critical for the production of language, another for its comprehension. A dense bundle of nerve fibers connected the two. But there have always been naysayers who pointed to evidence that failed to fit this tidy picture. Now a study employing a powerful variant of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirms these suspicions.

Study Finds New Designer Drug Is Potent Treatment For Chronic Myelogen
A laboratory study led by researchers at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute has shown that a potent and highly selective therapy for chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) may ultimately be more effective than GleevecŪ, the current standard of care.

Most Unwired Cities Survey
This survey, sponsored by Intel Corporation, "ranks the top 100 U.S. cities and regions for the greatest wireless Internet accessibility."The survey findings "are based on the number of commercial and public or 'free' wireless Internet access points (hotspots), airports with wireless Internet access, and broadband availability."Includes related surveys, "Most Unwired College Campuses"and "Most Unwired Airports."

Novel Radiofrequency Treatment Shows Promise For Lumbar Pain
Intradiscal biacuplasty is an effective procedure to treat chronic discogenic pain, report researchers at the 23rd annual meeting of the American Academy of Pain Medicine in New Orleans. Improvement in pain scores and functional capacity can be observed much earlier with intradiscal biacuplasty than with intradiscal electrothermal therapy suggesting some additional or/and different mechanisms of action.

Britain to Allow Car Transmitters
The Brits finally move to let people use personal FM transmitters such as the Griffin iTrip to connect their iPods to car stereos. Plus: Zune Hack: Trade Any File, Quick In Listening Post.

Handedness Findings Point To Biological Cause For Sexual Orientation
A study of men in Ontario, Canada provides a new twist on the connection between sexual/relational orientation and right or left-handedness. Whereas earlier studies showed that gay men (and lesbians) were 39 percent more likely than heterosexuals to be left-handed, the new data "provides evidence that gay or bisexual men also have an elevated incidence of extreme right-handedness."


MP3 Music Downloads

Preview songs, Download Free Music,Burn CDs at ITunes.com
iTunes_RGB_9mm

 


Google




InformationQuickFind.com - Find Information Fast

Links