Closed captioning

Closed captioning is a system of television broadcasting for deaf or hearing-impaired individuals. Spoken words comprising the television program's soundtrack are transcribed by a court reporter and encoded into line 21 of the television picture, which is the last line of the vertical blanking interval. Sometimes music or sound effects are also described using words or symbols within the closed caption.

Under normal conditions, the vertical blanking interval containing the captioning information is invisible to television viewers (this is why it's called closed-captioning). However, a person may activate the closed-captioning feature found on most modern television receivers, thereby causing the program's spoken-word dialogue to be displayed alphabetically, like subtitles, on a portion of the screen. Certain video presentations actually have the captions permanently burned into the video instead of encoded in the vertical blanking interval; this is known as open-captioning.

Since approximately 1990, when the Americans With Disabilities Act became U.S. law, manufacturers of television receivers sold in the U.S. have been required to include closed captioning.

Because closed-captions of live performances are necessarily done by live typists, they often include minor typographical errors or misquotes.



In the News

Progress In Battle Against Life-threatening Acute Allergy
Up to 15 percent of thepopulation has to contend at some time with anaphylaxis: a suddenly serious allergic reaction that can be life-threatening. Researchers from the Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB) connected to Ghent University have uncovered mechanisms that underlie this reaction. Their research offers new perspectives for the treatment of anaphylactic shock.

Good News For The Medical Marijuana Movement: pot Proliferates Brain
Most drugs of abuse decrease the generation of new neurons in the brain, but the effects of marijuana on this process, called neurogenesis, had not been clear. In a JCI paper researchers show that a potent and synthetic cannabinoid promotes neurogenesis. This drug also exerts anti-anxiety and antidepressant-like effects. Cannabinoids are perhaps the only illicit drug that can enhance adult neurogenesis and subsequently modify behavior.

Adventures in the Past: Discovering the Public Lands' Archaeological.
This site provides links to lesson plans and articles for teaching and learning about history, archeology, and paleontology on public land in the western U.S. Also features an interactive map with links to material about vacation opportunities at BLM-administered sites, and selected research publications on topics such as Native Americans, the Oregon Trail, and the Iditarod. From the U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM).

Breast and Cervical Cancer: Prevention and Treatment
This page provides material "regarding the prevention and treatment of breast and cervical cancer. There is now a law [Breast and Cervical Cancer Prevention and Treatment Act of 2000], that permits state Medicaid programs to provide medical services to certain women diagnosed with breast or cervical cancer."Includes an overview of the law and associated guidance, discussion of Medicaid eligibility requirements, and links to related sites. From the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Cold Treatment Kills Fruit Fly On Citrus Fruits
Cold storage at temperatures of 2°or 3°C can effectively kill Queensland Fruit Fly in citrus stored for 14 to 16 days. This method provides an alternative to methyl bromide fumigation, which is toxic to citrus and shortens its shelf life. Methyl bromide is also being phased out in Australia because it is ozone depleting, according to researchers.

No More Hiroshima Earrings
This article from 1999 describes how "an American museum has stopped selling earrings in the shape of the nuclear bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945."Includes an image of the earrings, which are miniature replicas of "Little Boy"and "Fat Man,"the atomic bombs dropped in August 1945 on those cities in Japan. From the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC).

The State of Blogging
A report that concludes, "By the end of 2004 blogs had established themselves as a key part of online culture."Includes findings from two surveys. From the Pew Internet &American Life Project.

Inflammatory Condition Doubles Heart Attack, Stroke Risk
Seniors with giant cell arteritis -- a chronic inflammatory condition of medium and large arteries -- are twice as likely to have a heart attack or stroke compared to adults without this condition, says new University of Toronto research.

International Climate Researchers Meet In U.S. ...
This week, a team of more than 25 international cloud climate scientists are conducting a three-day operations and planning simulation at Sandia National Laboratories in Livermore, California, to prepare for a complex experiment that will result in the most detailed data sets ever collected for tropical convection.

Despite Grumbling, Most Americans Say They Are Happy At Work
Although some people may spend part of the Labor Day weekend complaining about their bosses or about job burnout, most Americans are satisfied with their jobs, a survey found. The survey showed job satisfaction increases with age. The study shows that 86 percent of the people interviewed said they were satisfied at their jobs, with 48 percent saying they were very satisfied. Only 4 percent reported being very dissatisfied.


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