Closed system

An open system can be influenced by events outside of the declared boundaries of a system. A closed system is self-contained: outside events can have no influence upon the system. In practice many things are a mixture of the two. For example a prison is a closed system because the prisoners can't get out, and the wardens spend most of their time at the prison. However it is also an open system, because it depends on outside factors and the prisoners and wardens do go outside. Dynamic systems have components or flows or both, that change over time.


In the News

Game Helps Smokers Say No
A quick trip through virtual reality is helping some smokers finally quit the evil weed. In Game|Life.

Study Examines Relationship Of Vitamin A Pathway To Breast Tumor Progr
Reduced expression of a protein that regulates the metabolism of vitamin A may contribute to tumor progression in breast cancer, according to a new study in the January 5 issue of the Journal of the National Cancer Institute. The study raises the possibility that this vitamin A pathway is a potential target for breast cancer prevention.

Microfluidic Device Used For Multigene Analysis Of Individual Environm
When it comes to digestive ability, termites have few rivals due to the gut activities that allow them to literally digest a two-by-four. But they do not digest wood by themselves--they are dependent on the 200 or so diverse microbial species that call termite guts home and are found nowhere else in nature.

High Doses Of Vitamin E Boost Rat Survival Rate 40%; Brain Function, N
Two-year-plus study shows vitamin E supplementation from week 28 increased male rats' median lifespan 40% and maximal lifespan 17%, "a delay in the almost linear decay in mice survival."Subjects' performance in neuromuscular and exploratory tests increased significantly at both 52 and 78 weeks. Brain alpha-tocopherol content increased 2.5-fold while offsetting the decline of various mitochondrial functions by 37%-66%. Results were described as supporting the "free radical"theory of aging and related "specificity"concept.

Gene Expression Pattern Could Lead To Improved Treatment Of Pediatric
Scientists have discovered a gene expression pattern that could lead to improved diagnosis and treatment of pediatric septic shock -- still a serious public health problem despite today's potent antibiotics and pediatric intensive care units.

T-rays: New Imaging Technology Spotlighted By American Chemical Societ
T-ray sensing and imaging technology, which can spot cracks in space shuttle foam, see biological agents through a sealed envelope and detect tumors without harmful radiation, was the focus of a recent symposium at the national meeting of the American Chemical Society.

From Hacker to Cyberjihadist
A former member of elite 1990s web-defacement crew Global Hell goes to prison for planning a comeback hack the feds say was inspired by fundamentalist Muslim beliefs. In 27B Stroke 6.

Preventing Neurodegenerative Diseases By Studying Proteins In The Brai
Researchers have made the most complete list so far of the proteins present in the cerebral cortex -- the outermost layer of the brain that plays a central role in memory, language, cognition, and consciousness. The cerebral cortex is also the part of the brain that contains the hallmarks of many neurodegenerative diseases, so these results could help understand how such diseases develop and maybe find ways to slow it down. Most neurodegenerative diseases develop in specific regions of the brain. For instance, loss of neurons due to Alzheimer's disease occur mostly in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, and degeneration of neurons in Parkinson's disease largely centers on an area in the back of the brain called the brainstem -- at least in the early stage of the disease.

Researchers Compare Chicken, Human Genomes: Analysis Of First Avian Ge
An international research consortium has found that chickens and humans share more than half of their genes, but that their DNA sequences diverge in ways that may explain some of the important differences between birds and mammals.

Global Nuclear Disarmament Fund: "Full Circle"-- The Epic Return to Tr
"Almost 60 years ago a flame was kindled from the embers of the City of Hiroshima after the ... first atomic bomb was dropped."This site describes how in July and August 2005 Zen monks will walk, carrying this "atomic flame,"from San Francisco to the Trinity Test Site in Alamogordo, New Mexico (location of the first atomic bomb detonation), where the flame will be extinguished. Includes a route map and schedule. Also in Japanese.


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