Code

In communications, a code is a rule for converting a piece of information (for example, a letter, word, or phrase) into another object or action, not necessarily of the same sort. One reason for this is to enable communication in places where ordinary spoken or written language is difficult or impossible. For example, a cable code replaces words (eg, ship, invoice, ...) into shorter words, allowing the same information to be sent with fewer characters, more quickly, and most important, less expensively. Another example is the use of semaphore flags, where the configuration of flags held by a signaller or the arms of a semaphore tower encodes parts of the message, typically individual letters and numbers. Another person standing a great distance away can interpret the flags and reproduce the words sent.

Table of contents

1 Cryptography: codes versus ciphers 2 Codes in communication used for brevity 3 An example: the ASCII code 4 Codes to detect or correct errors (eg, in storage or transmission) 5 Codes and acronyms

Cryptography: codes versus ciphers

Cades have long been used in cryptography. The transformation is used to disguise the content or meaning of a message, preventing those not in on the secret from understanding what is actually transmitted. The usual method is to use a "codebook" with a list of common phrases/words matched with different phrases/words, so that people without the codebook who might intercept the message get nothing but a message referring to something else altogether, or alternatively, complete gibberish. A cable code would be one such.

The term code is very often confused with the term cipher.

These can be destinguished best by the scope of the transformation. A code is just a set of rules to represent meaningful information in another way - this doesn't necessarily imply secrecy. When the information should not be known to somebody else but the intended recipient, there has to be some secret knowledge not known to anybody else to decode it. A code which requires such secret knowledge (or is this secret knowledge) is a cryptographic code and the secret information and rules to use it, is a codebook.

A cipher by contrast, does not work at the level of meaningful information. While a code might transform "attack" into FRGPL or "fruit pie", a cipher transforms elements below the semantic level, ie, below the level of meaning. The "a" in attack might be converted to "Q", the first "t" to "f", the second "t" to "3", and so on. Cyphers are more convenient than codes in some situations, there being no need for a codebook. Codes on the other hand, were believed to be more secure than cyphers, there being (if one's codebook constructor did a good job) no pattern of transformation to discover. With the advent of automatic processors (ie, in recent times the electronic computer), cyphers have come to dominate cryptography.

Codes in communication used for brevity

Code can be used for brevity. When telegraph messages were the state of the art, elaborate commercial codes that encoded complete phrases into single words (typically five-letter groups) were developed, so that telegraphers became conversant with such "words" as BYOXO ("Are you trying to weasel out of our deal?"), LIOUY ("Why do you not answer my question?"), BMULD("You're a skunk!"), or AYYLU ("Not clearly coded, repeat more clearly."). Code words were chosen for various reasons: length, pronouncability, etc. Meanings were chosen to fit perceived needs: commecial negotiations, military terms for military codes, diplomatic terms for diplomatic codes, any and all of the preceeding for espionage codes, ... Codebooks and codebook publishers proliferated. The purpose of these codes was, mostly, to save on cable costs.

Nowadays there are "codes" for data compression, e.g. Huffman coding, which uses short codes for frequent symbols and longer codes for seldom used symbols - the same principle is used in the Morse code.

An example: the ASCII code

Probably the most widely known data communications code (aka character representation) in use today is ASCII. In one or another (somewhat compatible) version, it is used by nearly all personal computers, terminalss, printerss, and other communication equipment. Its original version represents 128 characters with seven-bit binary numbers--that is, as a string of seven 1s and 0s. In ASCII a lowercase "a" is always 1100001, an uppercase "A" always 1000001, and so on. Extensions to ASCII have included 8-bit characters (for letters of European languages and such things as card suit symbols), and in fullest flowering have included glyphs from essentially all of the world's writing systems (see Unicode).

Codes to detect or correct errors (eg, in storage or transmission)

Codes may also be used to represent data in a way more resistant to errors in transmission or storage. Such a "code" is called an Error-correcting code, and works by including carefully crafted redundancy with the stored (or transmitted) data. Examples include Hamming codes, Reed-Solomon, Reed-Muller, Golay, Goppa, and Galagher codes.

Codes and acronyms

Acronyms and abbreviations can be considered codes, and in a sense all languages and writing systems are codes for human thought. Occasionally a code word achieves an independent existence (and meaning) while the original equivalent phrase is forgotten or at least no longer has the precise meaning attributed to the code word. For example, the number "86" was once used as a code word in restaurants meaning "We're out of the requested item". It is now commonly used to mean the removal or destruction of something. '30' was widely used in journalism to mean "end of story", and it is sometimes used in other contexts to signify "the end".

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In computer programming, the word code refers to instructions to a computer in a programming language. In this usage, the noun "code" typically stands for source code, and the verb "to code" means to write source code, to program. This usage may have originated when the first symbolic languages were developed and were punched onto cards as "codes".

Engineers often use the word "code" to mean a single program. They might say "I wrote a code" or "I have two codes". No software engineer or computer scientist would say that. They would say "I wrote some code" or "I have two programs".

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In linguistics a code is often just a mere synonym for a variety of a language (a dialect, sociolect). A sociolect is the language of a specific social group. The term code has some technical connotation.

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In the genetic code, which is the same for all living beeings, codes specify which amino acids to use for creating proteins.

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A code is also a rule or a set of rules, such as code of honor, code of laws, or dress code. See civil code, codification.

This word has acquired a large number of subtly, and grossly, incompatible meanings, particularly in cryptographic contexts. Use it with care.