Computer Fraud and Abuse Act

The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act is a law passed by the United States Congress in 1986 intended to reduce "hacking" of commercial computer systems. It was amended in 1994, 1996 and in 2001 by the USA PATRIOT Act.

The USA PATRIOT Act increased the scope and penalties of this act by:

  1. raising the maximum penalty for violations to 10 years (from 5) for a first offense and 20 years (from 10) for a second offense
  2. ensuring that violators only need to intend to cause damage generally, not intend to cause damage or other specified harm over the $5,000 statutory damage threshold
  3. allowing aggregation of damages to different computers over a year to reach the $5,000 threshold
  4. enhancing punishment for violations involving any (not just $5,000) damage to a government computer involved in criminal justice or the military
  5. including damage to foreign computers involved in US interstate commerce
  6. including state law offenses as priors for sentencing
  7. expanding the definition of loss to expressly include time spent investigating and responding for damage assessment and for restoration.

Decisions referring to this act

  • [1] Theofel v. Farey Jones, 2003 U.S. App. Lexis 17963, decided August 28, 2003 (U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit). Using a civil subpoena which is “patently unlawful”, “bad faith” and “at least gross negligence” to gain access to stored email is a breach of this act and the Stored Communications Act.


In the News

World Trade Center Health Registry
Results from a survey of "those most directly exposed to the events of 9/11/01"at the World Trade Center. Provides a FAQ, a resource and referral guide, clinical guidelines, and other related publications. Some material also in Spanish and Chinese. From the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, in collaboration with other groups and agencies.

How The Brain Understands Pictures
Special circuits in the brain's visual center automatically organize what one sees into a "whole"even as one's attention is focused only on one part of a scene.

Handwriting, Typewriting, Shoeprints, and Tire Treads: FBI Laboratory'
This 2001 article describes how personnel in the Questioned Documents Unit (QDU) of the FBI perform examinations of material. Includes illustrated discussions of physical examinations (often of paper surfaces), comparison examinations (of handwriting and typewriting), and shoeprint and tire tread examinations. Includes details about specific cases. From the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) journal Forensic Science Communications.

New View Of Distant Colliding Galaxies Captured By Keck Laser System
For the first time, astronomers have been able to combine the deepest optical images of the universe, obtained by the Hubble Space Telescope, with equally sharp images in the near-infrared part of the spectrum using a sophisticated new laser guide star system for adaptive optics at the W. M. Keck Observatory in Hawaii.

Toward A Better Drug For Treating Muscle, Bone Loss In Elderly Men
The search for alternatives to steroid medications for treating millions of Baby Boomer males with age-related declines in the sex hormone testosterone has led researchers to report development of a nonsteroidal compound that shows promise as a new treatment for loss of muscle mass, bone tissue, and other problems linked to low testosterone.

When Worlds Collide: Cornell Astronomers Investigate Cosmic Forces Tha
When galaxies collide (as our galaxy, the Milky Way, eventually will with the nearby Andromeda galaxy), what happens to matter that gets spun off in the collision's wake? With help from the Spitzer Space Telescope's infrared spectrograph, Cornell astronomers are beginning to piece together an answer to that question.

Molecule Blocks Gene, Sheds Light On Liver Cancer
New research shows how a particular small molecule blocks the activity of a cancer-suppressing gene, allowing liver cancer cells to grow and spread. This molecule is a microRNA, a recently discovered class of tiny molecules used by cells to help control the kinds and amounts of proteins they make. More than 250 different microRNAs have been discovered, and several have been linked to cancer.

[Ironic] An Italian pensioner committed suicide after his wife fell in
Recalling the end of Romeo and Juliet, the 70-year-old man, Ettore, who had sat by his wife's bedside for four months after she slipped into a coma following a heart attack, finally gave up hope and gassed himself in the garage of his family home.Less than a day later, his wife, Rossana, woke up in her hospital bed in Padua and immediately asked for him.

Novel Treatment Target For Deadly Brain Tumors Identified
Researchers at Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center have identified a second promising treatment target for glioblastoma multiforme, one of the most deadly types of brain tumors. The research results are reported in the October issue of Molecular Cancer Research.

Impaired Clearance Of Amyloid-beta Causes Vascular Damage In Alzheimer
New research suggests that accumulation of amyloid-β peptides in cerebral blood vessels, as opposed to the brain itself, may be a more important pathological mediator of Alzheimer's disease. Two independent yet related articles describe such findings in the August issue of The American Journal of Pathology. Both articles are highlighted on the Journal's cover.


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