Number of the Beast (numerology)

The Mark of the Beast is mentioned in the Book of Revelation of the Christian Bible.

Table of contents

1 References from the Bible
2 Theological interpretations
3 Mathematics
4 Culture and Psychology
5 Joke
6 See also
7 External link

References from the Bible

Revelation 13:17 (the last chapter of the Bible) states:

"... no one may buy or sell except one who has the mark or name of the beast, or the number of his name."

The next verse tells us that the Number of the Beast is 666. In Revelation 14:9-12, the third angel warns of wrath and retribution to all those who bear this mark on their heads or hands.

In the King James Version, Revelation 13:18 reads:

Here is wisdom: let him who hath understanding count the number of the beast: for it is the number of a man; and his number is Six hundred three score and six.

In the Greek text of the New Testament it reads:

Ὧδε ἡ σοφία ἐστίν· ὁ ἔχων νοῦν ψηφισάτω τὸν ἀριθμὸν τοῦ θηρίου, ἀριθμὸς γὰρ ἀνθρώπου ἐστίν· καὶ ὁ ἀριθμὸς αὐτοῦ ἑξακόσιοι ἑξήκοντα ἕξ.

Hōde hē sophia estin; ho echōn noun psēphisatō ton arithmon tou thēriou, arithmos gar anthrōpou estin; kai ho arithmos autou hexakosioi hexēkonta hex.

And in the Vulgate:

Hic sapientia est. Qui habet intellectum, computet numerum bestiae. Numerus enim hominis est, et numerus ejus est sescenti sexaginta sex.

Theological interpretations

Versions of Christian eschatology which hold that that these prophecies refer to future events, typically hold that the Mark of the Beast is one way in which the antichrist will exercise power over the earth, during the period known as the Tribulation in the book of Revelation. Opinions as to what form it will take are varied. The literal interpretation is that it will be the number 666 imprinted on the skin, but conspiracy theorists imagine all sorts of devious possibilities tied in with recent technological developments. The notion that the mark is required for all commerce implies that the mark might actually be a special credit card... or that we might have to have our fingerprints scanned into a worldwide database in order to be recognized in business. Or the mark might be some kind of smart chip implanted into the body.

The number 666, which supposedly represents the name of the antichrist, is another source of controversy. There are various theories about the meaning of this verse, and there have been many attempts to show that a person is the Antichrist by relating his name to the number 666.

One interpretation is simply that 666 represents humankind in general because of the special significance that the number has in the Bible. Six is known as an "imperfect number" because it is one short of seven, the "perfect number" (seven days in the week, seven tongues of flame, seven spiritual gifts...). So three (the number of the Trinity) sixes is seen as extremely imperfect. Therefore, 666 represents imperfect man, while 777 represents God.

A more radical interpretation is that 666 is actually some kind of code based on the letters of someone's name. This sparks great public interest since it seems to provide some way to identify the antichrist. Numerologists like to devise clever ways of assigning numbers to letters so that the letters of a name will add up to this symbolic number. Probably the best-known scheme has A=100, B=101, and so on. With this code, the name "HITLER" adds up to 666. While these ideas are intriguing, they usually require many odd preconditions (you have to start with 100, you cannot include the first name) and work in a few languages only (in Spanish, for example, "HITLER" adds up to 668.)

For example, scholars who believe the Book of Revelation refers to real people and events argue that the number represents the value of Nero or Neron Caesar (נרון קסר, Nrwn Qsr*) in Hebrew letters, which also have numerical values (note that Hebrew is written from right to left):

r S q n w r n 666 = 200 + 60 + 100 + 50 + 6 + 200 + 50

Some early texts of the Book of Revelation use 616 instead, which would represent the alternative Hebrew spelling נרו קסר, Nrw Qsr:

r S q w r n 616 = 200 + 60 + 100 + 6 + 200 + 50

*Note: Hebrew נרון קסר, Nrwn Qsr = Greek Νερων Καισαρ, Ner�n Kaisar, though קסר, qSr, should strictly speaking be כסר, kSr.

In Roman numerals 666 represents all the numbers from 1 to 500 in descending order, namely D (500) + C (100) + L (50) + X (10) + V (5) + I (1), or DCLXVI. Robert Graves suggests in his study of pagan symbolism The White Goddess that this is an acronym for the Latin sentence Domitianus Caesar Legatos Xti Violenter Interfecit, or "The Emperor Domitian violently killed the envoys of Christ".

In an alternate style of greek notation for numerals, 6 + 60 + 600 can be expressed as digamma koppa kappa which when superposed into a monogram, form the graffito form of the labrys very common on roman walls of the time, which is interesting considering what some characterise as misogynist tendencies in Revelations.

Mathematics

Naturally enough, 666 also has many mathematical properties, some more interesting than others:

666 in binary translates to 1010011010
666 is the 667th natural number.
666 = 2 × 3² × 37 is the 333rd even number and the 544th composite number. (The 666th composite number is 806 = 2 × 13 × 31). 666 is the 260th non square-free number: {4, 8, 9, 12, 16, 18, 20, 24, ..., 648, 650, 652, 656, 657, 660, 664, 666, ...}. The 666th non square-free number is 1701.
666 is not a prime (it is quite evidently divisible by 2, 3 and 111). The 666th prime is 4973. 666 is not a lucky number. The 666th lucky number is 5559.
666 has 12 divisors: {1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18, 37, 74, 111, 222, 333, 666}. The sum of its divisors is 1482. The first numbers in the interval [1, 10⁶] that have the same sum of divisors are 666, 1017, 1481. The sum of its proper divisors is 816>666, so 666 is the 162th abundant number. 666 has 3 distinct prime divisors {2, 3, 37} (&omega(666) = ω(2 × 3² × 37) = ω(2) + ω(3²) + ω(37) = 1+1+1=3) and a total of 4 prime divisors (Ω(666)=...=4).
By Euler's totient function φ(666) = 216. 666 is the 14th number with this value of φ: {247, 259, 327, 333, 351, 399, 405, 436, 494, 518, 532, 648, 654, 666, ...}
The harmonic mean of the digits of 666 is an integer: 3/(1/6 + 1/6 + 1/6) = 6. 666 is the 54th number with this property.
666 is the 25th repdigit.
666 is the 76th palindromic number in base 10 and it is also the sum of two consecutive palindromic primes: 666=313+353. It is the 62th palindromic composite number.
The sum of all the integers from 1 to 36 inclusive is 666. This means 666 is the 36th triangular number. (The 666th triangular number, on the other hand, (1+2+3+...+664+665+666) is 222111.)

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A prime reciprocal magic square based on 1/149 in base 10 has a magic total of 666.

6^(6^6) or 6⁴⁶⁶⁵⁶ is 36,306 digits long. Its first 150 digits are:

26591197721532267796824894043879185949053422002699

24300660432789497073559873882909121342292906175583

03244068282650672342560163577559027938964261261109...

The sum of the digits 1 through 146 is 666, as is the sum of digits 2 through 148 and digits 2 through 149.

Culture and Psychology

The number 666 retains a peculiar significance in the Culture and Psychology of Western societies. Just as many people try to avoid the "unlucky" number 13 (sometimes going to the extent of having a floor "12A" in multi-story buildings), so people find ways to avoid the "Devil's number", even in contexts that would seem on first sight to be far removed from superstition.

For example, when the giant CPU manufacturer Intel introduced the 666 MHz Pentium III in 1999, they chose to market it as the Pentium III 667 on the pretext that, since the actual clock speed was 666.666 MHz, 667 was the more accurate approximation—conveniently ignoring their own usual rounding practice: as examples, consider the earlier 66.666 MHz 486-66, the 466.666 MHz Celeron 466, or the later 866.666 MHz Pentium III 866.

In another instance, United States Highway 666 was renumbered in 2003 after controversy over the supposed reference to the Biblical beast. See [1].

Former U.S. president Ronald Wilson Reagan has six letters in his first, middle, and last name.

In ancient Dacia, 666 was the number of those who returned to the right faith.

The first Apple Computer, the Apple I was sold for $666.66.

Joke

It is often quipped that 667 is the neighbour of the beast

External link

Mike Keith's "Number of the Beast" Collection of mathematics involving 666.