The Pluto debate
The planet Pluto was originally discovered in 1930 in the course of a search for a body sufficiently massive to account for supposed anomalies in the orbits of Uranus and Neptune. Once it was found, its faintness and failure to show a visible disc cast doubt on the idea that it could be Lowell's Planet X.
In the following decades estimates of Pluto's mass and diameter were the subject of debate as telescopes and imaging systems improved. The consensus steadily favored smaller masses and diameters as time passed. Indeed, one observer waggishly pointed out that if the trend were extrapolated the planet seemed to be in danger of vanishing altogether.
In an attempt to reconcile Pluto's small apparent size with its identification as Planet X, the theory of specular reflection was proposed. This held that observers were measuring only the diameter of a bright spot on the highly reflective surface of a much larger planet which could thereby be massive without having an exceptionally high density.
The uncertainty was conclusively resolved by the discovery of Pluto's satellite Charon in 1978. This made it possible to determine the combined mass of the Pluto-Charon system which turned out to be lower even than that anticipated by skeptics of the specular reflection theory, which was then rendered completely untenable. The accepted figure for Pluto's diameter today makes it comparable in size with the Moon and less massive on account of its being largely composed of ice.
At the time of Pluto's discovery it was the farthest object known in the solar system and we can now recognize that its discovery was as much due to luck as to the diligence of Tombaugh's search. While Pluto's identification as Planet X was then doubted, it was nevertheless identified as the solar system's ninth planet.
In September of 1992 scientists began discovering hundreds of other, smaller, icy bodies in the area of the solar system beyond the orbit of Neptune. These objects are now deemed members of the Edgeworth-Kuiper belt. The continued discovery of these objects began a debate that goes on to this day: is Pluto a planet or simply the largest (known) example of an Edgeworth-Kuiper Belt object?
This planetary sciences debate landed in newspaper headlines, editorials, and on the Internet in early 1999. Thoughts that Pluto might be "demoted" as a planet left certain sectors of the public angry. Such news outlets as the BBC News Online, the Boston Globe, and USA Today all printed stories noting that the International Astronomical Union was considering dropping Pluto's planetary status. "Save Pluto" websites sprang up, and school children sent letters to astronomers and the IAU.
On February 3, 1999, Brian Marsden of the Minor Planets Center inadvertently fueled the debate when he issued an editorial in the Minor Planets Electronic Circular 1999-C03 noting that the 10,000th minor planet was about to be numbered and this called for a large celebration (the IAU celebrates every thousands numbered minor planet in some way). He suggested that Pluto be honored with the number 10,000, giving it "dual citizenship" of sorts as both a major and a minor planet.
Between the media reports and the Minor Planets Electronic Circular, IAU General Secretary Joannes Anderson issued a press release that same day stating there were no plans to change Pluto's planetary status.
The debate continues, and recent discoveries have made the position of Pluto as a major planet perhaps even harder to sustain. On October 7, 2002, Mike Brown and Chad Trajillo announced at a meeting of the American Astronomical Society their discovery of Quaoar. This new object in the Edgeworth-Kuiper Belt is 1280 km in diameter, making it a bit more than half the size of Pluto. Quaoar is the largest object discovered in the solar system since Pluto itself in 1930. Some astronomers think it is only a matter of time before a Edgeworth-Kuiper Belt object larger than Pluto is discovered.
Exploration of Pluto
NASA has approved a mission to Pluto, to be conducted by The Southwest Research Institute. (Referred to as "New Horizons")
The planet is named both for the Roman god Pluto, and for the astronomer Percival Lowell, who predicted that a planet would be found beyond Neptune.
Atmosphere
Pluto was determined to have an atmosphere from an occultation observation in 1988. When a planet or asteroid occults a star, if it has no atmosphere, the star abruptly disappears. In the case of Pluto, the star dimmed out gradually. From the rate of dimming, the atmosphere was determined to have a pressure of 1.5 microbars. This thin atmosphere is most likely nitrogen, in equilibrium with solid nitrogen on the surface.
In 2003, another occultation of Pluto was observed and analyzed by Bruno Sicardy [1]. Surprisingly, the atmosphere was estimated to have a pressure of 3 microbars, even though Pluto is farther away from the Sun than in 1988, and hence should be colder and have a less dense atmosphere. The current best hypothesis is that the south pole of Pluto came out of shadow in 1987 (for the first time in 120 years), and extra nitrogen sublimated from a polar cap. It will take decades for the excess nitrogen to condense out of the atmosphere.